Eleven digits encoding date of birth, sex and a checksum. Check the number is written correctly (one wrong digit and an office will reject the document) and see what it means.
A PESEL is 11 digits: YYMMDD (year, month, day of birth), PPPP (a serial number whose last digit gives sex: odd — male, even — female) and K — the check digit. The century is encoded in the month: for people born 2000–2099, 20 is added to the month (e.g. 2105 — May 2021).
Without it you can't open an account at most banks, register with an NFZ doctor, file a PIT-37 or verify your identity in mObywatel. It's issued at the urząd gminy for your place of residence — free, usually the same day. Ukrainian citizens under temporary protection get PESEL UKR — the same number with a special status.
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